In Pavia (circa 1490), Leonardo met Marcantonio Della Torre, Professor of Theoretical Medicine, who asked for collaboration for a textbook on anatomy. A student could not assist in more than 2 dissections during the medical course. The public teaching of anatomy was regulated by very narrow rules. The anatomic theories were the ones supported by Galen, in which the blood forms in the liver and then goes to the periphery where it is consumed by the tissues and that the venous blood goes from the right to the left ventricle through microscopic pores. In the early Renaissance (1319), Mondino de Liuzzi published the textbook Anhotomia, which represented the only textbook of anatomy accepted in all medical faculties in Europe for almost 200 years. To all those facts, we should add the Bulla “Ecclesia Abhorret a Sanguine” (1163) and the Papal Bulla “De Sepolturis” (1299) in which it was practically forbidden to touch bodies after death. Being an artist, he had a special permission to perform human dissections.ĭuring the Middle Ages, human dissections were rarely performed for many reasons, including religion and fear of transmission of diseases. At the age of 20, Leonardo performed studies in humans, including postmortem dissections. He was an excellent student, and at the age of 19, he was allowed to start his independent activity. 1–3 He started as a student of Verocchio, a well-known painter in Florence. In all his activities, he showed fertile imagination, well above the horizons of his times. Leonardo was a painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, mathematician, poet, inventor, astronomer, geologist, historian, and cartographer. ![]() Self-portrait of Leonardo, at the age of 60 years (1510 circa Red Chalk on paper-Biblioteca Reale-Turin, Italy). ![]() Customer Service and Ordering Informationįigure 1.Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).
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